The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

Prisons are needed but yeah all our current prison system does is provide slave labor, maintain segregation and class divides, and make better/more fucked up criminals

But that's like... a whole discussion worthy of a book

..."The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness" by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights advocate and legal scholar, is an amazing resource if you want to see how much of the American law system is based around maintaining class divides and segregation.

Homework: https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

The most important book you'll ever read.

Instead of listening to the media's idea of oppression, I would recommend an excellent book that details the historical legal battle that Black people in America face

This has book has exactly what you are asking for.

Why do you need a fixable scenario? If someone is harming someone now, just because we don't have a detailed plan to 'fix' it (whatever that means in this very shades of grey, opinionated world), doesn't mean we shouldn't try to immediately stop the harm being done.

For starters, let me just ask you a question. If a schoolyard bully is pushing me around and demanding my lunch money, and I turn and punch him in the mouth, am I “reverse bullying” him?

Secondly, if you have a group of people who live under constant, daily oppression due to generational changes within U.S. society and the long-term effects of the New Jim Crow, then the only logical solution is to first address the causes of these issues, and then provide the necessary treatment to remedy the symptoms. If you got shot, the first step would be to stop the bleeding, but you would likely die from infection or blood loss if you do not receive additional treatment to get you back to normal. Affirmative action is that additional treatment in this analogy.

As to why “the KKK is growing,” keep in mind that this would be the fourth time they have done so. The first was during Reconstruction, after slavery was abolished. Was that due to racism toward whites? The second time was at the beginning of Jim Crow, when white supremacy was suddenly empowered by the same scientific racism that Hitler used. Was that caused by racism toward whites? The third KKK surge was during the Civil Rights Movement, starting with the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Was that due to racism toward whites?

It is only logical to conclude that the 1st and 3rd appearances of the KKK were due to the fact that white supremacists felt threatened, while the 2nd appearance was due to the Federal government suddenly becoming complicit with white supremacy and enforcing Jim Crow laws. When you look at current events, what do you see? A Federal government suddenly complicit with white supremacy, thanks to Trump, and a surging Black Lives Matter movement that has finally found some success at the grassroots level, thereby threatening white supremacy in America.

It really comes as no surprise that the pointy white hoods would try to make a comeback right now, though I expect it to be even more short-lived than their previous attempts. As to the notion that this is all due to affirmative action? My God, I’ve never heard anything dumber.

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

The point isn't who they vote for, it's that they still deserve a vote like everyone else. Regardless of what crimes they committed and for what reasons, they're still US citizens and deserve a voice in shaping the country they will return to once released from prison.

Of course, this doesn't touch on the fact that people can "labeled" as felons or criminals, and therefore not allowed to vote in some states, purely based on the charges brought against them, regardless of whether or not they were found guilty. Likewise, law enforcement is basically looking for an excuse to lock minorities up, especially Black Americans, so they can invalidate their vote (see stop and frisk, the war on drugs, etc.). These policies intentionally target Black Americans since they tend to vote primarily Democrat. As a result of this overwhelmingly successful anti-voting campaign, a lot of felons think they cannot vote when they actually can since the laws are decided state by state and not on a federal level.

Great reading (and personally highly recommended) on the subject for anybody who wants to learn more: https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

You judge a people by the most extreme cases but judge the police force by the most peaceful. The problem is much more complicated than "look as this single event here or there". I felt the way you did until I read The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. I really recommend taking a cursory read through it from an unguarded perspective.

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

Traffic violations and low-level drug dealing are the primary areas where laws are unequally enforced when it comes to race, though. Add three-strike rules to that, and you end up with vastly unequal outcomes re: felonies and prison sentences.

If you actually care about good law enforcement, you should educate yourself.

I'm sorry but you are incorrect. Wildly, wildly, incorrect. Please watch "the 13th" on Netflix. Or read The New Jim Crow. It's every citizens responsibility to inform themselves of this stuff

Mississippi just voted to remove the confederate flag from their state flag. There are still military bases, schools and government buildings bearing the name of confederate leaders.

No problem, I'll take a look at those things. And you should read "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness" which really goes into detail in how racism has just pivoted into the justice system to legally oppress black people. https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

There are plenty of other sources on systemic racism in america, but this one really hits you hard.

>snarky ignorance is not a good look, friend.

Then you should apply this to yourself and walk your talk.

​

>If you actually care about good law enforcement, you should educate yourself.

A link to a book on Amazon? Is that the height of your wisdom on the subject?

Sorry, but you will have to do better if you want to convince anyone blacks are not committing the crimes they are convicted for...or that whites get a free pass to commit crimes because they are white.

What idiotic race demagoguery.

I mean this book

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness https://www.amazon.com/dp/1595586431/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_KiQcFb2J83VRJ

>What illegal things are these heroes doing?

>What things got us to this point?

Killing unarmed civilians seems to be at the top of the list. There's plenty more but that's why all the protests are happening right now. Have you bothered listening at all?

>>You think a police presence in rough neighborhoods reduces crime there?

>Yes

>>I take it you’ve never been to one.

>Why?

You answered your own question there.

>>All it does is raises the tensions of everyone there while they wonder who it is that is most likely to shoot them.

>Tension between criminals and cops?

Tension between literally everyone. Yes, there's the risk that they're going to get shot by a criminal. Yes there's also a risk that a cop is going to take them for a criminal and shoot them for going about their business. Since you are alluding to having been to these high crime areas go around to one of them. Ask any of the people who live there if they've ever had a positive police interaction. Ask them if police there make them feel safer. Ask them if the police have ever bothered to investigate a mugging or robbery that they've experienced or witnessed? You don't get positive police interactions in these areas. Everyone is afraid of them as much as they are of the criminals.

>Why don’t they do that?

Who knows. I'm sure there's lots of reasons. But not being a cop a couldn't tell you.

>>And that doesn’t even touch on the racism that’s part of the enforcement of the system.

>What racism would that be?

Ah, you're one of the systemic racism people doesn't exist people.

I can send you a whole reading list if you'd like. Here's a good starting point

>Incorrect, sure there needs to be reform as everyone agrees but an overwhelming majority of cops are doing their job and are good at it. That’s the poi t is the banner you’ve still failed to grasp.

The system is broken and you keep pointing at the system like it's going to make it less broken. If the system still protects these bad cops it doesn't matter that there's good cops mixed in there. It is still a broken system and needs to be removed. The point of the banner is wrong because one is a state sponsored system, and the other is a random group of civilians. They cannot and should not be held to the same standards as you are trying to push.

>No, you don’t. You’re are truly ignorant to what the point of this all is and continue to parrot misinformation and ignorance

You call me the misinformed and ignorant one? You should try looking inward there.

Criminal justice? In your own words, you believe that black people committee more crime based solely on their skin tone. Here's a book to reinforce your beliefs.

If you are serious, this book is a game changer for most who read it:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431&ved=2ahUKEwjHkoOQr-HoAhVEaq0KHeJwBBkQFjAAegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3fyLIxbiOATDQFx2yQkFSH

Yeah, that's the entire point of reparations: to redistribute the wealth achieved at the expense of black people and level the playing field for historically oppressed minorities. It's not emotional compensation.

Schools in nonwhite-neighborhoods are relatively underfunded by 23 billion, and overpoliced to subjugate black neighborhoods (The New Jim Crow is an eye-opening book).

The entire American system is built against black people.

I’ll do you one better- these are fantastic resources. Let me know when you finish and we can chat! The first one is available at the JC public library.

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

https://www.amazon.com/White-Fragility-People-About-Racism/dp/0807047414/ref=pd_aw_fbt_img_2/147-7948596-9748265?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=0807047414&pd_rd_r=802eb85c-2428-40d5-b875-1823bc726e1e&pd_rd_w=oNLIC&pd_rd_wg=KAFJa&pf_rd_p=f34f941f-c8a2-45ca-bc95-3c77f31adeb0&pf_rd_r=03FFQ3FVDFNM83BMY20T&psc=1&refRID=03FFQ3FVDFNM83BMY20T

You are woefully misinformed. We have not provided them with near the resources they need. Bringing up 'black crime statistics' is such a fucking dogwhistle it's literally a meme, and it ignores the reality of their situation.

If you hand a homeless persona million dollars, are they going to grow that wealth, or are they more likely to blow it? Go look at statistics for lottery winners. Without the other tools and cultural changes that would allow these populations to take advantage of the resources offered you're just throwing money away.

It's not as simple as you're making it, and you're cutting out an entire huge part of the puzzle.

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

I will fucking buy this book for you if you promise to read it and try to understand it.

If you are serious, this book is a game changer for most who read it:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431&ved=2ahUKEwjHkoOQr-HoAhVEaq0KHeJwBBkQFjAAegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3fyLIxbiOATDQFx2yQkFSH

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

>No definition of 'confession' is applicable because 'confession' is the wrong word to describe one's acknowledgment of a social phenomena.

This is getting very silly. People use phrases like "national apology" all the time. But sure, let's say he used the wrong word; frankly, I'm over it.

>Note that the reports recommendations are all structural level. It doesn't recommend that individual cops confess being racists.

Noted!

>But this id politics woke ideology is illogical and therefore counter productive.

Other than blind judges -- which is new to me, but I think could be a great idea! -- I'm reasonably confident that we could find every suggestion in that paragraph pushed consistently by proponents of "id politics woke ideology" for the last \~20-30 years. I'll be teaching The New Jim Crow again in a few weeks; I can try to pull relevant page numbers for you if you'd like.

If you really want to understand this issue, read The New Jim Crow. It's a rabbit hole so deep it will make you cry.

Also, some key context that is not in this article. Blacks and Whites use drugs at the same rates, yet Blacks are much more likely to be arrested, and get longer sentences. It's almost like the justice system is rigged. Or something...

edit:

Something the MAGA crowd will love. Bill Clinton was a key architect of Mass Incarceration. So that's something you really can blame on 'the Dems'.

Also, it's impossible to understand the horrific scale of the opiate crisis in America without understanding the Sackler family. They basically Thanos snapped rural America.

i cant get it to work, but ill say that i dont belive cops are racist either, i just believe that the justice system in general affects black people more, and harsher as well with sentencing.

a good read is The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness starting with the war on drugs, the private prision system in the USA and as well as The CIA-Contra Cocaine controversey

i just think its naive to think that the justice system isnt skewed towards one group over others.

I also feel a big problem is that when people say 'hey this group of people is being affected more that others' people quickly move to 'what about me i matter too'

Giving the simplest proof of why theres a problem:

America has the highest incarceration rate in the world, at 700 people per 100 thousand. It has more prisoners than china, despite having a third of the population, and being allegedly not authoritarian.

Now, the crime rate of the US is high for a developed nation, but it's nowhere near the highest in the world. If we look at the murder rate, it sits at number 88 in the murder rate rankings. Russia is number 51, and yet it still has a smaller incarceration rate than the US.

The incarceration rate in the US is not normal. The explanations for this are complicated, but it involves draconian minimum sentencing laws, three strikes rules, crackdowns on non-violent crimes, etc. I've heard the book "the new jim crow" covers this subject very well if you are interested in learning about it in depth.

I have autism and have communication difficulties.

The beauty of this is that there are people with immense amounts of accolades in the field who will basically say what I said but with further sourcing and better communication skills.

Your post is a reminder that I may need to read up again on these 3 very influential books in my personal library on the topic at hand.

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

The New Jim Crow by Civil Rights Attorney Michele Alexanded.

https://www.amazon.com/Imprisoning-Communities-Incarceration-Disadvantaged-Neighborhoods/dp/0195387201

Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse by Todd R. Clear. He has a PHD in the field.

https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Warrior-Cop-Militarization-Americas/dp/1610394577

Rise of The Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces by Radley Balko.

Did I put together a criminal justice paper worthy of peer review for my reddit post? No I did not. But these 3 sources + my degree were very influential on my INFORMED opinion on this topic. I didn't make it up willy nilly. No we have major fucking problems that are effectively being constantly ignored in American society and it's tearing at the fabric of this country.

I am not the best messenger on the topic at hand, but these 3 books in tandem with each other imo really establish what is wrong here. In my 18 wheeler I have bothered to listen in on their lectures, they make solid points that can't be ignored, kick the can and not addressing these issues cause it to fester and stagnate worse, until they truly can no longer be ignored.

I really appreciate your response. Thank you for taking the time to respond. I'm definitely going to be looking more into all of the resources you provided.

It seems that income inequality is one of the major issues you feel are holding black people back. From being exposed to more viewpoints on this subject, I'm starting to agree. I'm hesitant to agree 100% with this though since I would be considered an anomaly to this claim (raised by extended family members but am doing fine for myself, financially speaking). I was also exposed to more of the nuances of this issue from the Youtuber called 'Anthony O'Neal'. He is a 'Dave Ramsey' personality who looks into the issue of income disparity among the black community. I started watching some of his videos and they are very enlightening. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrgjCgPQ_48

For the issues regarding home loans, marijuana and mass incarceration, I bought a couple of books to go into this topic. I haven't started them just yet though. I'll definitely start looking into the links provided shortly. If you have other book recommendations or other studies to share, I would really appreciate it. Current books below..

The New Jim Crow

Just Mercy

Race for Profit: How banks and the Real Estate industry Undermined Black Home-ownership

Look, I’ll be blunt. Don’t look for answers on a subreddit where half the members don’t believe that systemic racism exist. If you want real answers, read a book or two. Here are some starters.

Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (National Book Award Winner) https://www.amazon.com/dp/1568585985/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_g7f2EbKJH0907

Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City https://www.amazon.com/dp/1566638437/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_Ofh2EbHPMK0T5

Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You: A Remix of the National Book Award-winning Stamped from the Beginning https://www.amazon.com/dp/0316453692/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_hgh2Eb113BP4X

Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195147073/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_Bgh2EbB465KD8

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness https://www.amazon.com/dp/1595586431/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_Ugh2EbYTHZD9W

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393328511/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_i_.gh2Eb2DPS8T2

Statistics, books, university courses, professional development trainings, etc.

Here are some books I have read that I can recommend on the topic:

The New Jim Crow

The Color of Law

Stamped from the Beginning

The Rise of the Warrior Cop

Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments

Between the World and Me

So You Think I Drive a Cadillac

Having info, hearing arguments, and making connections that lead to conclusions is one of the more underrated difficulties in critical thinking. I certainly can put fourth many arguments and show you info but your conclusions will be your own. If you are open minded and interested (seems like you might be) I have posted this list regarding this topic in other areas of the web. You might find some of the info interesting! I don't know what medium works best with your learning style , so here are 3 different types of info each with multiple references! You can always DM me for more info, I am always happy to chat about this stuff. I was totally against prison abolistionment when I first started my research. That changed REAL quick. I felt I had been lied to all my life.. maybe you will feel the same, maybe you think I am crazy. Anyway, here you go!

-Check out these links/articles: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.vox.com/platform/amp/policy-and-politics/2017/6/19/15764176/prisons-abolition-alternatives&ved=2ahUKEwj2oPf1677qAhXLG80KHdTIDlQQFjADegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw0-2iNfulLfrZKe6-TAE5qr&ampcf=1

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/records/4766-prison-abolition&ved=2ahUKEwj2oPf1677qAhXLG80KHdTIDlQQFjASegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw2vizbaeKnj1swQpfiibIve

-Or these books:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/Are-Prisons-Obsolete-Angela-Davis/dp/1583225811&ved=2ahUKEwjbo7Ku8r7qAhUMWs0KHaCaA_QQFjALegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw1zQgI-bzdCbsPy-UnFqB6f

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431&ved=2ahUKEwjDo4rG8L7qAhXGHM0KHd7ZDKkQFjAQegQIFRAB&usg=AOvVaw3fyLIxbiOATDQFx2yQkFSH

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.akpress.org/freedom-is-a-constant-struggle.html&ved=2ahUKEwiSxKe88r7qAhXMG80KHfG9Dg0QFjAXegQIFBAB&usg=AOvVaw1o5MXo6ZEX0ZczzmQFfSXN (one of my faves)

-Or these videos:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://m.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DJFTRn_sIGiQ&ved=2ahUKEwji7YeK677qAhXMVs0KHRD6BckQwqsBMA56BAgIEAM&usg=AOvVaw1VVzVdypCkvj9lODxudorx&cshid=1594251995976

https://www.google.com/search?client=ms-android-sprint-us-revc&tbm=vid&sxsrf=ALeKk00xDQ_7tAAO14R18loh_atHUMg-EA:1594251884500&q=abolish+prisons&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji7YeK677qAhXMVs0KHRD6BckQ8ccDKAN6BAgIEA8&cshid=1594251995976&biw=360&bih=619&dpr=3#

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.democracynow.org/2020/5/5/ruth_wilson_gilmore_abolition_coronavirus&ved=2ahUKEwjB5erZ677qAhUbCs0KHQxWCb04ChCjtAEwB3oECAIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1DlpdBi5IuqzuNAQKG1Dom

I want to also say that I am in no way implying that I don't think this person needs to have some Accountability. But prison is most definitely not the answer.

I saw your replied and then deleted your comment. Here is my response: My comment was more for the other people on this thread but while I have you. Exposing yourself to political media isn't the best way to educate yourself about a subject since the media is crazy bias no matter what side you fall on. I'd recommend reading accredited books about the topic by authors who are just trying to talk about the subject NOT convince you to believe an ideology that keeps political parties in power. Really the media is scary, it's pulling us apart. Try, please try looking into some of these resources. If you say you've read them and still believe what you do, then I'll be the first to say I'm sorry.

https://www.amazon.com/Color-Law-Forgotten-Government-Segregated/dp/1631492853

https://www.amazon.com/New-Jim-Crow-Incarceration-Colorblindness/dp/1595586431

https://www.amazon.com/Punishing-Race-Continuing-American-Dilemma/dp/0199926468

https://www.amazon.com/White-Fragility-People-About-Racism/dp/0807047414

You're simply wrong. Yes, white people make up 55.8% of those who have been executed between 1976 and today, however, white people make up 76.9% of the United States population. On the other hand, black people make up 34.1% of people who have been executed since 1976 and are only 12.7% of the population. [Source]

Of the CURRENT death row population, black people make up 41.57% compared to white people making up 42.17% - however, AGAIN, that's 41.57% of the current death row population but only 12.7% of the United States population for black people, versus 42.17% of the current death row population but 76.9% of the United States population for white people. [Source]

United States Race and Ethnicity Statistics from [Wikipedia]

As far as actual murder statistics, the real discrepancy is more nuanced. Someone is more likely to be on death row if their victim is white, regardless of the race of the perpetrator.

From The Washington Post:

>While white people make up less than half of the country’s murder victims, a 2003 study by Amnesty International found that about 80 percent of the people on death row in the United States killed a white person.
>
>A 2012 study of Harris County, Tex., cases found that people who killed white victims were 2.5 times more likely to be sentenced to the death penalty than other killers.
>
>In Delaware, according to a 2012 study, “black defendants who kill white victims are seven times as likely to receive the death penalty as are black defendants who kill black victims. … Moreover, black defendants who kill white victims are more than three times as likely to be sentenced to death as are white defendants who kill white victims.”
>
>A study of death penalty rates of black perpetrators/white victims vs. white perpetrators/black victims through 1999 showed similar discrepancies. Interestingly, the study found that blacks are underrepresented on death row in proportion to the proportion of murders they commit. But this is largely because most black murderers kill other black people, and prosecutors are far less likely to seek the death penalty when the victim is black.
>
>A study of North Carolina murder cases from 1980 through 2007 found that murderers who kill white people are three times more likely to get the death penalty than murderers who kill black people.
>
>A 2000 study[...]found that [Florida] had, as of that time, never executed a white person for killing a black person.
>
>Black people are also more likely to be wrongly convicted of murder when the victim was white. [...] More generally, black people convicted of murder are 50 percent more likely to be innocent than white people convicted of murder.
>
>A 2000 study of federal cases found that federal prosecutors were about 50 percent more likely to offer a plea bargain to white murder suspects than black suspects that allowed them to avoid the death penalty.
>
>In Houston County, Ala., prosecutors struck 80 percent of black people from juries in death penalty cases.
>
>A 2016 study found that in Louisiana, killers of white victims were 14 times more likely to be executed than killers of black victims. Black men who killed white women were 30 times more likely to get the death penalty than black men who killed black men. Those convicted of killing white people were also less likely to have their sentences overturned on appeal, and Louisiana hasn’t executed a white person for killing a black person since 1752.

You are willfully ignorant or maliciously cherry-picking data if you think that the criminal justice system is fair to minority populations and unfair to white populations. That notion is preposterous. The facts are that most violent crime is intra-racial, black men are more likely to be arrested, charged, imprisoned, put on death row, and executed as well are more likely to be innocent; murders in which the victim is black are more likely to be punished with less severity compared to murders where the victim is white; generations of under and then over-policing black communities has created a society that undervalues black lives and is quick to criminalize black people and this has led to a justified fear and distrust of the police and the criminal justice system within the black community.

I highly suggest you (and everyone else) read The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander and Ghettoside by Jill Leovy. And stop spreading misrepresented statistics that only further racist sentiments.

(Found out today that Reddit has a character limit for comments, so some studies included in the WaPo quote were deleted for space.)

Sources for systemic racism in police and criminal justice settings:

pdf of “black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling”

Racial Profiling and Use of Force in Police Stops: How Local Events Trigger Periods of Increased Discriminatio

a study on racial profiling around traffic violations

following the Trayvon Martin killing

structural racism paper

this one is a book but interesting nonetheless

an article which serves as a sort of counterpoint for both sides of this argument

an arrival about the criminalization of Latinos

black male disproportionality in the criminal justice system

interesting overall article about race in the CJ system

racial equity article in the Duke Law Journal

school-prison-pipeline.

racial bias in sentencing

racial bias in sentencing

how the judges political stance impacts sentencing

race and sentencing disparity

These are a few to get started with I suppose. The problem with research in this field is that it is often published in book form so it is more easily consumed. Papers tend to have too much information crammed into too few pages and it gets difficult. A few books that can help are the new Jim Crow, systemic racism (recommended only if you want a textbook style explanation of this theory),
and white fragility

As far as conversation about defunding or the remainder of the “8 can’t wait” campaign, I don’t really have enough grasp over what they say they want and what defunding means in context so perhaps another time around that.